Sun Kingdoms' Calendars of
the
Aztec, Inca, and Maya
Civilizations
The Sun Kingdoms of the Middle
Americas were based on a religious calendar. Izappan and
early Toltec cultures used the intricate calendar system to measure time. Religion of the
The ancient Sun Kingdoms used a
20-year calendar base. By
correlating the 20-year period of the sun calendars to 19-year lunar/solar
cycles, bonds are evident. Central
and South American people such as the Maya, Inca, and Aztec commonly
approximated the same 209-days of lunar/solar separation to be 210-days, or
seven-even-months of 30-days each.
An approximate 210-day separation found with a 19-year cycle of l/s
calendars is divided in half for 105-days.
Closer examination reveals 105-days in a dominant theme were assigned to
the sun-side of l/s separation time.
Reiterating, the next 105-days accentuate the twentieth
365-day-solar-year. Each year and
every twentieth year the remaining 105-days are distinctly isolated in the Sun
Kingdoms' calendars. At the end of
multiple 19-year periods, the total number of lunar/solar separation days is
divided in half for the same multiple of 20-year cycles in the Sun Kingdoms'
calendars.
A 365-day length of year in the Sun Kingdoms' calendars contained a 260-day portion and a 105-day portion (Eqn. 14). The 260-day period was linked to agriculture and called the sacred year. A 260-day sacred year was complete within itself. The sacred year began and ended on the same days within a 365-day-solar-year. Sacred years of 260-days each were counted independently. The remaining 105-day part accumulated during successive years. The ancients treated days and years of time with a parallel viewpoint.
Beyond 360 days, five-special-days were attached at
the end of the Sun Kingdoms' civil year to complete a year of 365-days (Eqn. 15). The
first day following the five-day span marked the beginning of the next civil
year. Religion maintained the
five-special-holidays as adverse, and unlucky for any attempted work. Five individual gods ruled, one for each
day. Sister calendars treated the
civil year, including the five-extra-days similarly. Apprehensions of avoiding ordinary work
on specific holidays were also implemented in the theologies of the
The Sun Kingdoms’ Calendar tools used here generally relate to
the Mayan version. The Mayans were
an indigenous sub-culture of the surrounding groups. They were the trained priests and
nobility of the locale. Compared to
modern society, the Mayans would be the doctors, lawyers and the politicians. The Spanish Conquistadors that dominated
their country in the sixteenth century discovered the elaborate calendar
system. When asked, “Where
did the calendar come from?”
The answer was a simple “Mayan”. This calendar system contained
deviations that spread throughout Central and
The standard year of 360-days was a civil year in the Sun Kingdoms' Calendars. The Mayan Calendar multiplies 18 Uinals of 20-days each for the 360-day-Tun-civil-year (Eqn. 16). The 360-day-Tun-year existed simultaneously with the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year. Dual calendar years were used to project the greater time calculations. Five special Wayeb-days more then completed the 365-day-solar-year. Chiefly using picture glyphs, archaeologists have been able to trace calendar records. Picture glyphs were the media of written information for the Sun Kingdoms. Every 20-day period was represented by a picture glyph of a deity. The day-number of the period appeared to the left of the glyph. A name was associated with the figure.
The 260-day-Tzolken-sacred year was segmented into 20 periods of 13-days each. Multiplying 20 periods by 13-days per period produces the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year (Eqn. 17). Spiritual entities represented every 13-day period within the Tzolken-sacred-year. A deity carried the 13-day load to be evenly distributed to everyone. The 360-day-Tun-civil-year, plus the Wayeb-five-day adjustment result in the 365-day-Haab-solar-year (Eqn. 18).
The 360-day-Tun-year and
the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year were expressed with glyphs. Glyphs were carved into stone on the
facades of buildings, temple entrances, and on stele. Mesoamerican
ceremonial centers are known for their step pyramids. Comparisons have been made to Egyptian
step pyramid construction and the ziggurats of
Equations
1.
260 Day-Sacred-Year
+ 105 Days
= 365 Day-Solar-Year
2.
360 Days per Year
+ 5
Special Days per Year
= 365 Day-Solar Year
3.
18 Uinals
x 20 Days per Uinal
= 360 Day-Tun-Civil
Year
4.
20 Periods
x 13 Days per Period
= 260 Day-Tzolken-Sacred-Year
5.
360 Day-Tun-Year
+ 5 Special Wayeb Days
= 365 Day-Haab-Solar-Year
Sun Kingdoms' Calendar Math Figure 7
Mesoamercican Calendar Math
Archeology substantiates the most commonly accepted mathematics of the Mayan calendar. Several time periods have been identified and used for numerous correlations. A correlation specifies a certain day in our modern Gregorian calendar with a respective day in the Mayan Calendar.
Maya Calendar
System
1 Kin = 1 Day
1 Uinal = 20 Kins = 20 Days
1 Tzolken-Sacred-Year = 260 Days
1 Tun-Year = 18 Uinals = 360
Day-Civil-Year
1 Haab-Year = 365 Days = 1 Solar-Year
1 Katun = 20 Tuns = 7,200 Days= 20 Tun-Years
1 Baktun = 20 Katuns = 144,000 Days
= 400 Tun-Years
1 Long Count = 400 Tun-Years of 360 days
The essential kin (kēn) day is counted for 20 kins in the Uinal (wē năl). There are 18 Uinal periods in the 360-day-tun-year or 360-day-civil-year. A terminal 5-day Wayeb (Vāy ěb) completes the 365-day-haab-year, which is the common 365-day-solar-year. The 360-day-tun-year (tūn) is independent from the 5 special, rest days of the Wayeb.
The day-number and naming language is used throughout the Mayan Calendar. Mesoamerican calendars used to dots or circles to represent up to four days. A vertical or horizontal bar then measured five days. Three bars and four dots count up to 19 days. A name is assigned by the following glyph deity. Specific variations describe glyph pictures with unique meanings that are beyond the scope of this work. More information is available at many Mesoamerican websites and libraries.
The 365-day-Haab and 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year combine to form the Sun Kingdoms' calendar 52-year cycle, or Calendar Round. The 52-year chronological summit was the cornerstone of the dual calendar system. A complete Calendar Round repeated itself after 18,980-days. The Calendar Round 52-Tun-civil-years multiply by 360-days to produce 18,720-days (Eqn. 19a). Working like meshed gears, 72-Tzolken-sacred-years of 260-days each multiply to equal the same 18,720-days (Eqn. 19b,c). Five special holidays in the Wayeb were preserved every year to add the final 260-days in 52-years of the Calendar Round (Eqn. 20). One extra 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year is added to 72-sacred-years for 73-Tzolken-sacred-years (Eqn. 21). Multiplying 73-Tzolken-sacred-years by 260-days per sacred year gives the equivalent 18,980-days for a Calendar Round (Eqn. 22a).
In parallel order,
52-Haab-solar-years of 365-days per year equal exactly the same 18,980-days per
Calendar Round (Eqn. 22b). The Calendar Round 52-Haab-solar-years
equal 73-Tzolken-sacred-years and both equal 18,980-days (Eqn.
22c). The final 260-day-Tzolken
sacred-year comes from Wayeb holidays. The total 52-year Calendar Round is
18,980-days. By this calendar
system, only once in 52-years would any day of the Tzolken-sacred-year
coincide with any day of the Tun-civil-year. A complete Calendar Round would restart
again the next dual sequence.
Mayans thought the 260-day-Tzolken-year to have four quadrants. Four equal quarters had 65-days
each. The Aztecs extend the
quadrants to coincide with their entire universe. Cardinal points were determined by
equinoxes and solstices. North,
south, east and west directions were known.
Equations
6.
a. 52 Tun-Civil-Years
x 360 Day-Tun-Year
= 18,720 Days
b.
72 Tzolken-Sacred-Years
x 260 Day-Sacred-Year
= 18,720 Days
c. 52 Tun-Civil-Years
= 72 Tzolken-Sacred-Years
= 18,720 Days
7.
52 Year-Calendar Round
x 5 Special Feast Days in Wayeb
= 260 Day final-Tzolken-Sacred-Year
=
1-Tzolken-Sacred-Year
8.
72 Tzolken Sacred Years
+ 1 Sacred Year
= 73 Tzolken Sacred-Year Calendar Round
9.
a. 73 Tzolken-Sacred-Years
x 260 Day-Sacred Year
= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round
b. 52 Haab-Solar-Years
x 365 Day-Solar-Year
= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round
c.
52 Haab-Solar-Years
73 Tzolken-Sacred-Years
= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round
The stelae
were vertical stone historical markers, inscribed with important social events
and often times, the calendar date. The picture glyphs found on the stelae usually held the picture of the god with the date
written to the left. A single
picture glyph for the 13-day period of the sacred-year, including the day of
the period, pinpointed the date in the 260-day-sacred-year. Working like gears, the dual calendar
years enabled exact dates to be identified. Traces of stelae
worship may be seen in early Biblical verses. God
admonishes against false idols.
Leviticus 26:1
"Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up
a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to
bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God."
The Bible advises against worship of other gods. We should overthrow other gods, and
smash their sacred pillars into pieces.
Standing stones, as some Bibles
call them, were present along with step pyramids in both
Exodus 23:24
"Thou shalt not bow down to their gods,
nor serve them, nor do after their works: but thou shalt
utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images."
Exodus 34:14
"For thou shalt worship no other god:
for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:"
Stelae, sacred
pillars and standing stones are all Biblical terms for the main religious
artifact of both
The Sun Kingdoms erected a stele
every 20 years. Likewise, at the
end of the 400-year Long Count Initial Series, a stele was also built. The 400-year Long Count Initial Series
was the end of the Sun Kingdoms' calendar cycle. Ceremonial centers such as
Stelae,
language and architectural features support a connection between new and old
worlds long ago. Pronunciation is
difficult to trace precisely, yet the Chilan Baalm is a literary work produced by a Spaniard about
the Mesoamerican Indians shortly after the Spanish conquest. Literally, the book is "the speech,
or mouthpiece, of the gods."
In
The Code of Hammurabi
was carved onto an eight-foot-tall block of stone (Circa 1,792 B.C.E. + or - 70
years). On this stele, 282 laws set
forth rules for the people to live by, many of which reflected Mosaic Law. In Central and
The calendar toolbox inventory now includes:
·
God is “between” the Day and Night.
·
Origins
of the lunar phases and the seven-day-
week.
·
Basic
applications of the 19-year Jewish l/s
calendar
adapts the 19-year Metonic Cycle.
·
The
Jewish Calendar celebrates holidays and
festivals
according to Mosaic law and other traditions.
·
The time
split tool divides a larger set time into equal halves for independent
computations.
·
An
approximate 209-days of l/s separation time
·
Similar l/s
calendars systems approximated the
common 19-year l/s cycle to be a 20-year l/s cycle.
·
The same
approximations validate 209-days of l/s
to be 210-days of l/s for a given 20-year l/s cycle.
·
The time
split tool that equally divides 210-days into the lunar-side 105-days and the
solar-side 105-days.
·
The
20-year cycle was multiplied by itself to gain
the l/s 400-years cycle.
·
By
squaring time, 210-days of l/s separation time
split became 210-years of l/s separation time split.
·
Numerical
matching is used to match X-number of
days with X-number of years or X-number of cycles.
·
The
Egyptian Calendar counted four passes of
365 years to make 1,461 years.
A single year of leap days culminated that Sothic Cycle in 1,461 years.
·
The
used a day-number sequence to describe the 260-day-sacred year.
·
The
Mayan Calendar Round consisted of dual
cycles. The Calendar Round is a
product of 73-Tzolken-sacred-years times the 260-day-sacred-year. The equivalent 52 Haab-years
of 365 days totals for 18,980 days in the Calendar Round.
52-Year Sun Kingdoms' Calendar Round Figure 8
Mesoamerican calendars achieved longer time projections by using consecutive spans of the 400-year l/s cycle. The Mayan calendar specifically names the 400-year Baktun. The root Tun word is based upon the 360-day civil type of year and means stone. Prefixes modify multiple Tun-year lengths. The principle vigesimal base 20 calendar tool results in the Katun after 20-Tun-years. Since a Tun-year has 360-days, the Katun measures 7,200-days. The Baktun is the next step up to 20-Katuns. One Baktun is 400-Tun-years or 144,000-days.
The Baktun embodies all introduced calendar tools. Squaring the 20-year Katun l/s cycle results in the 400-year Baktun l/s cycle. Separation time is altered from 210-days to 210-years by the same process. Key substitutions replace 400-year Baktuns with the 210-years of l/s separation time. The time split tool divides 210-years to result in 105-years of solar-side time. The numerical matching calendar tool combines with replacement substitution to extend the l/s calendar according to Baktun cycles. Multiples of 400-year Baktuns allow vast measurements based on lunar/solar reckoning.
Antecedent Olmec writings
from the gulf coast date from 1200 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E. to influence later
noted Mayan graphics. Zapotecs from central
The Great Cycle
The cyclic nature of the Mesoamerican calendar adds thirteen successive 400-year Baktun periods to achieve the Great Cycle. The Great Cycle of 5200-Tun-years is the longest known element of the ancient Mayan Calendar. The Great Cycle is directly associated with the Holy Bible rendering for the genealogy of the Antediluvian Patriarchs.
The term Long Count refers to time since the Mayan Creation date, which is actually written 13.0.0.0.0. The Baktun is the most significant left-hand representation in the Mayan Calendar. Baktuns are usually numbered from 1 to 13 in the Mayan Calendar Great Cycle. Mayan historians have a dilemma at this point. The logical starting date of the Mayan Calendar presumably should fall on 0.0.0.0.0., which is the beginning of the first 400-year Baktun. Instead, the authorities measure the Mayan Calendar from the onset of the thirteenth Baktun. Archeologists assume the first Great Cycle well underway or had already passed by the time the glyphs were inscribed.
Mayans traditionally used a zero
placeholder for their calculations.
At least 13 Baktuns had passed prior to
13.0.0.0.0. One Great Cycle or 13
elapsed Baktuns had occurred before the Mayan
Calendar began. The mentioned
codices suggest the starting dates of either
The intention of early Mayan
priest-astronomers was to transfer the working calendar from the southeast
Mediterranean coastline to the new world near the
Characteristics obtained by Mayan
calendar tools serve creative viewpoints.
A correlation between the Mayan Calendar and the Patriarch’s
calendar time is possible. The
summit of calendar research is found with the Great Cycle of Mesoamerica. The Great Cycle is the prime structure
to discover the Holy Bible
calendar. The intact calendar
system began with the oldest Mesopotamian resources. Maritime travelers resumed the same
calendar system near
The Mayan Calendar further develops the Great Cycle. A Great Cycle consists of 13 Baktuns, with each Baktun consisting of 400-Tun-years. The Great Cycle has 5200-Tun-years for a total of 1,872,000 Days (Eqn. 23).
Equation 23.
10. Great
Cycle = 13 Baktuns
=13
X 400-Tun-Years X 360 Day-Tun-Year
= 13 Baktuns X 144,000 days
= 1,872,000 Days
= 5200 Tun-Years
The sum of the number of days
specified by this count yields the number of days passed since the beginning of
the last Great Cycle. A great Cycle
has a length of 13 Baktuns. The Thompson correlation suggests that
the last Great Cycle began on
This work extends the 400-year Baktun
to even greater time periods. From
Ch. 5 of Genesis, we have derived the 800-Year Generation Cycle.
Two 400-Year Baktuns add to produce 800-Years
of the Generation Cycle. Two Baktuns
comprise one Generation Cycle. The Baktun was used in
Equation 24
11. 800-Year
Generation Cycle = 2 Baktuns
= 2 X 400-Tun-Years of
360-Days
= 800-Tun-Years
Patterns of the ancient Egyptian Calendar emphasize 365-days of the solar year were identified with a 365-year-solar cycle. Theology of the Sun Kingdoms duplicated perceptions of time with 365-solar-years. The 365-day-solar-year is numerically matched and subdivided for the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year component and the 105-day portion. Dual meanings divide a 365-solar-year cycle for two parts: a divinatory 260-year Tzolken cycle and a 105-year part. The 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year and 260-year-Tzolken-sacred-cycle were related by numerical content. The 105-day and 105-year portions were again, parallel members of the same family. The 260-year component is called the Tzolken-sacred cycle for purposes of this work. The 105-year portion completed the 365-year cycle. A Tzolken-sacred cycle of 260-years reinforced and preserved the 260-day agricultural sacred year for later descendants.
The 260-day sacred year became the most integral part of the Sun Kingdoms' ideologies. The sacred year spread while evolving into the principle time reckoning method. People were aware of a driving force that moved the sun and stars, and made all life and times possible. Time and the conception of a god figure, or many godly essences, were united as one. Men saw themselves as images of their forefathers. The Sun Kingdoms' grew to a religious society, with the primary focus of all worship directed toward the calendar. Now was an eternal moment.
In a single year of 365-days,
105-days remain following the 260-day sacred year. The leftover 105-days
are reiterated at the end of a 20-year cycle in the Sun Kingdoms'
Calendar. The twentieth year of the
lunar/solar calendar is the defining mark that cuts 210-days of separation time
in half. The lunar-side time split
is 105-days. The solar-side time
split is the complementary 105-days.
Two equal halves of lunar/solar separation time had 105-days each. The twentieth year of the lunar/solar
cycle provides 105-days of solar-side separation time.
The Katun 20-year l/s cycle was the next building block to time advancement. Twenty 360-day-Tun-years enabled the Mayans to record leadership activities. The solar-side half 105-days during the last year of a 20-year l/s cycle numerically match a set 105-day part in the same year. Sun Kingdoms' Calendars commonly used numerical matching again to describe these two distinct, recurrent yearly elements having 260-days and 105-days. Although an exact equality between the Sun Kingdoms' Calendars of Mesoamerica and the 19-year l/s calendars cannot be determined, the probabilities of distant ties are extremely high and require analysis. The 20- year Katun l/s cycle was multiplied by itself, or squared, to attain the 400-year Baktun l/s cycle. The Baktun is the most significant number in Mayan chronology.
The Sun Kingdoms' Calendars
were predated by earlier lunar/solar calendars of the
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