Sun Kingdoms' Calendars of the Aztec, Inca and Maya Civilizations

The Sun Kingdoms of the Middle Americas were based on a religious calendar. Izappan and early Toltec cultures used the intricate calendar system to measure time. Religion of the Yucatan Peninsula was established through spiritual deities attached to the calendar. Early Mesoamerican cultures evolved to become the Maya, Inca, and Aztec people. Sister calendars branched with little variation throughout Central and South America. The Sun Kingdoms' calendar assigned roles of time to the religious deities of the spiritual hierarchy. Specific time periods were allotted to god(s).

The ancient Sun Kingdoms used a 20-year calendar base. By correlating the 20-year period of the sun calendars to 19-year lunar/solar cycles, bonds are evident. Central and South American people such as the Maya, Inca, and Aztec commonly approximated the same 209-days of lunar/solar separation to be 210-days, or seven-even-months of 30-days each. An approximate 210-day separation found with a 19-year cycle of l/s calendars is divided in half for 105-days. Closer examination reveals 105-days in a dominant theme were assigned to the sun-side of l/s separation time. Reiterating, the next 105-days accentuate the twentieth 365-day-solar-year. Each year and every twentieth year the remaining 105-days are distinctly isolated in the Sun Kingdoms' calendars. At the end of multiple 19-year periods, the total number of lunar/solar separation days is divided in half for the same multiple of 20-year cycles in the Sun Kingdoms' calendars.

A 365-day length of year in the Sun Kingdoms' calendars contained a 260-day portion and a 105-day portion (Eqn. 14). The 260-day period was linked to agriculture and called the sacred year. A 260-day sacred year was complete within itself. The sacred year began and ended on the same days within a 365-day-solar-year. Sacred years of 260-days each were counted independently. The remaining 105-day part accumulated during successive years. The ancients treated days and years of time with a parallel viewpoint.

Beyond 360 days, five-special-days were attached at the end of the Sun Kingdoms' civil year to complete a year of 365-days (Eqn. 15). The first day following the five-day span marked the beginning of the next civil year. Religion maintained the five-special-holidays as adverse, and unlucky for any attempted work. Five individual gods ruled, one for each day. Sister calendars treated the civil year, including the five-extra-days similarly. Apprehensions of avoiding ordinary work on specific holidays were also implemented in the theologies of the Fertile Crescent.

The Sun Kingdoms’ Calendar tools used here generally relate to the Mayan version. The Mayans were an indigenous sub-culture of the surrounding groups. They were the trained priests and nobility of the locale. Compared to modern society, the Mayans would be the doctors, lawyers and politicians. The Spanish Conquistadors that dominated their country in the sixteenth century discovered the elaborate calendar system. When asked, “Where did the calendar come from?” The answer was a simple “Mayan”. This calendar system contained deviations that spread throughout Central and South America. Sister cultures of the Inca and Aztec people detail variations on the theme.

The standard year of 360-days was a civil year in the Sun Kingdoms' Calendars. The Mayan Calendar multiplies 18 Uinals of 20-days each for the 360-day-Tun-civil-year (Eqn. 16). The 360-day-Tun-year existed simultaneously with the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year. Dual calendar years were used to project the greater time calculations. Five special Wayeb-days more then completed the 365-day-solar-year. Chiefly using picture glyphs, archaeologists have been able to trace calendar records. Picture glyphs were the media of written information for the Sun Kingdoms. Every 20-day period was represented by a picture glyph of a deity. The day-number of the period appeared to the left of the glyph. A name was associated with the figure.

The 260-day-Tzolken-sacred year was segmented into 20 periods of 13-days each. Multiplying 20 periods by 13-days per period produces the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year (Eqn. 17). Spiritual entities represented every 13-day period within the Tzolken-sacred-year. A deity carried the 13-day load to be evenly distributed to everyone. The 360-day-Tun-civil-year, plus the Wayeb-five-day adjustment result in the 365-day-Haab-solar-year (Eqn. 18).

The 360-day-Tun-year and the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year were expressed with glyphs. Glyphs were carved into stone on the facades of buildings, temple entrances, and on stele. Mesoamerican ceremonial centers are known for their step pyramids. Comparisons have been made to Egyptian step pyramid construction and the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. The practice of carving important events onto stone columns is identical. Positive links can be established through a broader calendar analysis. History of the society was written into stone.

Equations

10. 260 Day-Sacred-Year

+ 105 Days

= 365 Day-Solar-Year

11. 360 Days per Year

+ 5 Special Days per Year

= 365 Day-Solar Year

12. 18 Uinals

x 20 Days per Uinal

= 360 Day-Tun-Civil Year

13. 20 Periods

x 13 Days per Period

= 260 Day-Tzolken-Sacred-Year

14. 360 Day-Tun-Year

+ 5 Special Wayeb Days

= 365 Day-Haab-Solar-Year

Sun Kingdoms' Calendar Math Figure 7

Mayan Calendar System

Archeology substantiates the most commonly accepted mathematics of the Mayan calendar. Several time periods have been identified and used for numerous correlations. A correlation specifies a certain day in our modern Gregorian calendar with a respective day in the Mayan Calendar.

1 Kin = 1 Day

1 Uinal = 20 Kins = 20 Days

1 Tzolken-Sacred-Year = 260 Days

1 Tun-Year = 18 Uinals = 360 Day-Civil-Year

1 Haab-Year = 365 Days = 1 Solar-Year

1 Katun = 20 Tuns = 7,200 Days= 20 Tun-Years

1 Baktun = 20 Katuns = 144,000 Days = 400 Tun-Years

1 Great Cycle = 5200 Haab-Years of 365 days

The essential kin (kēn) day is counted for 20 kins in the Uinal (wē năl). There are 18 Uinal periods in the 360-day-tun-year or 360-day-civil-year. A terminal 5-day Wayeb (Vāy ěb) completes the 365-day-haab-year, which is the common 365-day-solar-year. The 360-day-tun-year (tūn) is independent from the 5 special rest days of the Wayeb.

The day-number and naming language is used throughout the Mayan Calendar. Mesoamerican calendars used to dots or circles to represent up to four days. A vertical or horizontal bar then measured five days. Three bars and four dots count up to 19 days. A name is assigned by the following glyph deity. Specific variations describe glyph pictures with unique meanings that are beyond the scope of this work. More information is available at many Mesoamerican websites and libraries.

The 365-day-Haab-year and 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year combine to form the Sun Kingdoms' calendar 52-year cycle, or Calendar Round. The 52-year chronological summit was the cornerstone of the dual calendar system. A complete Calendar Round repeated itself after 18,980-days. The Calendar Round 52-Tun-civil-years multiply by 360-days to produce 18,720-days (Eqn. 19a). Working like meshed gears, 72-Tzolken-sacred-years of 260-days each multiply to equal the same 18,720-days (Eqn. 19b,c). Five special holidays in the Wayeb were preserved every year to add the final 260-days in 52-years of the Calendar Round (Eqn. 20). One extra 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year is added to 72-sacred-years for 73-Tzolken-sacred-years (Eqn. 21). Multiplying 73-Tzolken-sacred-years by 260-days per sacred year gives the equivalent 18,980-days for a Calendar Round (Eqn. 22a).

In parallel order, 52-Haab-solar-years of 365-days per year equal exactly the same 18,980-days per Calendar Round (Eqn. 22b). The Calendar Round 52-Haab-solar-years equal 73-Tzolken-sacred-years and both equal 18,980-days (Eqn. 22c). The final 260-day-Tzolken sacred-year comes from Wayeb holidays. The total 52-year Calendar Round is 18,980-days. By this calendar system, only once in 52-years would any day of the Tzolken-sacred-year coincide with any day of the Tun-civil-year. A complete Calendar Round would restart again the next dual sequence.

Mayans thought the 260-day-Tzolken-year to have four quadrants. Four equal quarters had 65-days each. The Aztecs extend the quadrants to coincide with their entire universe. Cardinal points were determined by equinoxes and solstices. North, south, east and west directions were known.

Equations

15. a. 52 Tun-Years

x 360 Day-Tun-Year

= 18,720 Days

b. 72 Tzolken-Sacred-Years

x 260 Day-Sacred-Year

= 18,720 Days

c. 52 Tun-Years

= 72 Tzolken-Sacred-Years

= 18,720 Days

16. 52 Year-Calendar Round

x 5 Special Feast Days in Wayeb

= 260 Day final-Tzolken-Sacred-Year

= 1-Tzolken-Sacred-Year

17. 72 Tzolken Sacred Years

+ 1 Sacred Year

= 73 Tzolken Sacred-Year Calendar Round

18. a. 73 Tzolken-Sacred-Years

x 260 Day-Sacred Year

= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round

b. 52 Haab-Solar-Years

x 365 Day-Solar-Year

= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round

c. 52 Haab-Solar-Years

= 73 Tzolken-Sacred-Years

= 18,980 Day-Calendar Round

The stelae were vertical stone historical markers, inscribed with important social events and often times, the calendar date. The picture glyphs found on the stelae usually held the picture of the god with the date written to the left. A single picture glyph for the 13-day period of the sacred-year, including the day of the period, pinpointed the date in the 260-day-sacred-year. Working like gears, the dual calendar years enabled exact dates to be identified. Traces of stelae worship may be seen in early Biblical verses. God admonishes against false idols.

Leviticus 26:1

"Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God."

The Bible advises against worship of other gods. We should overthrow other gods, and smash their sacred pillars into pieces. Standing stones, as some Bibles call them, were present along with step pyramids in both Egypt and the Yucatan Peninsula. God reinforces discontent towards the gods of others.

Exodus 23:24

"Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works: but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images."

Exodus 34:14

"For thou shalt worship no other god: for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:"

Stelae, sacred pillars and standing stones are all Biblical terms for the main religious artifact of both Sun Kingdoms and early Middle Eastern cultures. Sacred vertical stone pillars had two fundamental purposes. The ancient stone markers symbolized the standing male phallus. The existence of man on earth meant erection, and the standing stone. God in heaven was between the day and night. Shadow motion cast by the sun was created in God's image. Man was as the day, and woman was the eve, or night. Daytime was measured by sighting to the horizon using the standing stone, or according to motion of the shadow. The shadow lengthened and shortened during the day, and the solar position in heaven determined the direction cast by the shadow. Years were measured corresponding to rising and setting positions on the horizon. Agriculture of the Fertile Crescent was dependent on the seasons. Planting and harvest times were marked by annual procession of daytime shadow. El, El-Shaddai, Elohim, Ba-El, Ba-Al, and Baal were all principle names connecting the sacred stones.

The Sun Kingdoms erected a stele every 20 years. Likewise, at the end of the 400-year Long Count Initial Series, a stele was also built. The 400-year Long Count Initial Series was the end of the Sun Kingdoms' calendar cycle. Ceremonial centers such as Chichen Itza contain many ornately carved architectural features. The temple of the Initial Series, or the “Group of the Dates”, contains a date written in Old Chichén and another date in abbreviated form that correspond to the year 879 AD. The Group of the Thousand Columns in the Maya-Toltec section is magnificent. Six beautifully carved colonnades tell the story of the people.

Stelae, language and architectural features support a connection between new and old worlds long ago. Pronunciation is difficult to trace precisely, yet the Chilan Baalm is a literary work produced by a Spaniard about the Mesoamerican Indians shortly after the Spanish conquest. Literally, the book is "the speech, or mouthpiece, of the gods." In Babylon, we note the masculine god Baal. Baal is called Bel in the Apocryphal work: The History of the Destruction of Bel and The Dragon. False gods are vanquished when Daniel defeats idolatry. King Manasseh did heathen evil during his fifty-five year reign in Jerusalem (II Chronicles 33:1-3). King Manasseh II, son of Hezekiah erected "altars for Baalim."

The Code of Hammurabi was carved onto an eight-foot-tall block of stone (Circa 1,792 B.C.E. + or - 70 years). On this stele, 282 laws set forth rules for the people to live by, many of which reflected Mosaic Law. In Central and South America, stelae were carved every 20 years to record important events, such as battles and changes of leadership. Stelae were great blocks of stone, found near the step pyramid temples throughout Central and South America. Known as "sacred pillars" in Deuteronomy 12:3, II Samuel 18:18, and II Kings 3:2, and other places in the Bible, the graven male image Baal was symbolic for the standing male phallus. The female counterpart to Baal was Astrate, or Asherah, and was often symbolized by a pregnant woman figurine. The immortal pagan couple, Baalim and Astaroth, was deified with particular locations of the surrounding villages. Baal was a material, non-portable god fixed by a stone column at some site. Astaroth, or sometimes Asteroth, was the fertility consort goddess of neighboring fields and groves (Judges 10:6, I Kings 14:23, and I Kings 15:13).

The calendar toolbox inventory now includes:

· God is “between” the Day and Night.

· Origins of the lunar phases and the seven-day-week.

· Basic applications of the 19-year Jewish l/s calendar

adapts the 19-year Metonic Cycle.

· The Jewish Calendar celebrates holidays and festivals

according to Mosaic law and other traditions.

· The time split tool divides a larger set time into equal halves for independent computations.

· An approximate 209-days of l/s separation time split

describes the ancient 19-year l/s calendar cycle.

· Similar l/s calendars systems approximated the

common 19-year l/s cycle to be a 20-year l/s cycle.

· The same approximations validate 209-days of l/s

to be 210-days of l/s for a given 20-year l/s cycle.

· The time split tool that equally divides 210-days into the lunar-side 105-days and the solar-side 105-days.

· The 20-year cycle was multiplied by itself to gain

the l/s 400-years cycle.

· Numerical matching is used to match X-number of

days with X-number of years or X-number of cycles.

· By squaring time, 210-days of l/s separation time

split became 210-years of l/s separation time split.

· The Egyptian Calendar counted four passes of

365 years to make 1,461 years. A single year of leap days culminated that Sothic Cycle in 1,461 years.

· The South American Sun Kingdom’s Calendars used

a day-number sequence to describe the 260-day-sacred year.

· The Mayan Calendar Round consisted of dual cycles.

The Calendar Round is a product of 73-Tzolken-sacred-years times the 260-day-sacred-year. The equivalent 52 Haab-years of 365 days totals for 18,980 days in the Calendar Round.

52-Year Sun Kingdoms' Calendar Round Figure 8

Mesoamerican calendars achieved longer time projections by using consecutive spans of the 400-year l/s cycle. The Mayan calendar specifically names the 400-year Baktun. The root Tun word is based upon the 360-day civil type of year and means stone. Prefixes modify multiple Tun-year lengths. The principle vigesimal base 20 calendar tool results in the Katun after 20-Tun-years. Since a Tun-year has 360-days, the Katun measures 7,200-days (Eqn. 23). The Baktun is the next step up to 20-Katuns. One Baktun is 400-Tun-years or 144,000-days (Eqn. 24).

The Baktun embodies all introduced calendar tools. Squaring the 20-year Katun l/s cycle results in the 400-year Baktun l/s cycle. Separation time is altered from 210-days to 210-years by the same process. Key substitutions replace 400-year Baktuns with the 210-years of l/s separation time. The time split tool divides 210-years to result in 105-years of solar-side time. The numerical matching calendar tool combines with replacement substitution to extend the l/s calendar according to Baktun cycles. Multiples of 400-year Baktuns allow vast measurements based on lunar/solar reckoning.

Antecedent Olmec writings from the gulf coast date from 1200 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E. to influence later noted Mayan graphics. Zapotecs from central Mexico predated the later Mayan empire. Traditional Mayan symbolism is pictured in glyphs dating back to 275 B.C.E. Base 20 numbering and the relevant finger and toe counting methods are present. The 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year was also being used during this time frame. The Haab 365-day-year joins the Tzolken to create the Calendar Round 200 years later. Evidence that supports a development phase has not been found. The 400-year Baktun measure is not widely seen before the 200 A.D. Classical Mayan era. The lack of a visible progression leads one to surmise that the Long Count was imported as a mature calendar tool.

The Great Cycle

The cyclic nature of the Mesoamerican calendar adds thirteen successive 400-year Baktun periods to achieve the Great Cycle. The Great Cycle of 5200-Tun-years is the longest known element of the ancient Mayan Calendar. The Great Cycle is directly associated with the Holy Bible rendering for the genealogy of the Antediluvian Patriarchs.

The term Long Count refers to time since the Mayan Creation date, which is actually written 13.0.0.0.0. The Baktun (400-years) is the most significant left-hand representation in the Mayan Calendar, followed by Katuns (20-years), Tuns (360-days), Uinals (20-days) and Kins (days). Baktuns are usually numbered from 1 to 13 in the Mayan Calendar Great Cycle. Mayan historians have a dilemma at this point. The logical starting date of the Mayan Calendar presumably should fall on 0.0.0.0.0., which is the beginning of the first 400-year Baktun. Instead, the authorities measure the Mayan Calendar from the onset of the thirteenth Baktun. Archeologists assume the first Great Cycle well underway or had already passed by the time the glyphs were inscribed.

Mayans traditionally used a zero placeholder for their calculations. At least 13 Baktuns had passed prior to 13.0.0.0.0. One Great Cycle or 13 elapsed Baktuns had occurred before the Mayan Calendar began. The mentioned codices suggest the starting dates of either 13 August 3114 B.C.E. or 11 August 3114. Sometimes 13 August 3113 B.C.E. is the given starting date. The Mayan Calendar starting date of 13.0.0.0.0. was a simple continuation of an earlier calendar. Most carved stelae date from 9 Baktun to indicate the early classical phase of Mayan chronology. However, there are some 8 Baktuns and 7 Baktuns that imply later dates were super imposed over previous dates.

The intention of early Mayan priest-astronomers was to transfer the working calendar from the southeast Mediterranean coastline to the new world near the Yucatan Peninsula. Identical number patterns found in chapter 5 of Genesis are earmark fragments of the later pre-classical Mesoamerican calendar system. A gap of more than 7 Baktuns, or 2800-l/s years, through to 9 Baktuns that amount 3600-l/s years is missing from the Mayan Great Cycle scheme.

Characteristics obtained by Mayan calendar tools serve creative viewpoints. A correlation between the Mayan Calendar and the Patriarch’s calendar time is possible. The summit of calendar research is found with the Great Cycle of Mesoamerica. The Great Cycle is the prime structure to discover the Holy Bible calendar. The intact calendar system began with the oldest Mesopotamian resources. Maritime travelers resumed the same calendar system near Mesoamerica. The Great Cycle connects Holy Genesis records with those earliest calendar traces found in Mesoamerica. The seeds of Abraham are found throughout the world. Segmented 400-year Baktun cycles and historical traces through religious lore convey prominently the l/s calendar order.

The Mayan Calendar further develops the Great Cycle. A Great Cycle consists of 13 Baktuns, with each Baktun consisting of 400-Tun-years. The Great Cycle has 5200-Tun-years for a total of 1,872,000 Days (Eqn. 28).

Equation 25.

25. Great Cycle = 13 Baktuns

=13 X 400-Tun-Years X 360 Day-Tun-Year

= 13 Baktuns X 144,000 days

= 1,872,000 Days

= 5200 Tun-Years

Note: Great Cycle sometimes indicates 5200-Haab-Years of 365-Day-Solar-Years.

The treatment of the 5-special-nameless-days each year seems to differ.

The sum of the number of days specified by this count yields the number of days passed since the beginning of the last Great Cycle. A great Cycle has a length of 13 Baktuns. The Thompson correlation suggests that the last Great Cycle began on 13 August 3114 BC of the modern Gregorian calendar. Substitution combines the l/s 400-year Baktun cycle with the Great Cycle.

This work extends the 400-year Baktun to even greater time periods. From Ch. 5 of Genesis, we have derived the 800-Year Generation Cycle. Two 400-Year Baktuns add to produce 800-Years of the Generation Cycle. Two Baktuns comprise one Generation Cycle. The Baktun was used in Mesoamerica during Classic times.

Equation 28

26. 800-Year Generation Cycle = 2 Baktuns

= 2 X 400-Tun-Years of 360-Days

= 800-Tun-Years

Patterns of the ancient Egyptian Calendar emphasize 365-days of the solar year were identified with a 365-year-solar cycle. Theology of the Sun Kingdoms duplicated perceptions of time with 365-solar-years. The 365-day-solar-year is numerically matched and subdivided for the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year component and the 105-day portion. Dual meanings divide a 365-solar-year cycle for two parts: a divinatory 260-year Tzolken cycle and a 105-year part. The 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year and 260-year-Tzolken-sacred-cycle were related by numerical content. The 105-day and 105-year portions were again, parallel members of the same family. The 260-year component is called the Tzolken-sacred cycle for purposes of this work. The 105-year portion completed the 365-year cycle. A Tzolken-sacred cycle of 260-years reinforced and preserved the 260-day agricultural sacred year for later descendants.

The 260-day sacred year became the most integral part of the Sun Kingdoms' ideologies. The sacred year spread while evolving into the principle time reckoning method. People were aware of a driving force that moved the sun and stars, and made all life and times possible. Time and the conception of a god figure, or many godly essences, were united as one. Men saw themselves as images of their forefathers. The Sun Kingdoms' grew to a religious society, with the primary focus of all worship directed toward the calendar. Now was an eternal moment.

In a single year of 365-days, 105-days remain following the 260-day sacred year. The leftover 105-days are reiterated at the end of a 20-year cycle in the Sun Kingdoms' Calendar. The twentieth year of the lunar/solar calendar is the defining mark that cuts 210-days of separation time in half. The lunar-side time split is 105-days. The solar-side time split is the complementary 105-days. Two equal halves of lunar/solar separation time had 105-days each. The twentieth year of the lunar/solar cycle provides 105-days of solar-side separation time.

The Katun 20-year l/s cycle was the next building block to time advancement. Twenty 360-day-Tun-years enabled the Mayans to record leadership activities. The solar-side half 105-days during the last year of a 20-year l/s cycle numerically match a set 105-day part in the same year. Sun Kingdoms' Calendars commonly used numerical matching again to describe these two distinct, recurrent yearly elements having 260-days and 105-days.

Although an exact equality between the Sun Kingdoms' Calendars of Mesoamerica and the 19-year l/s calendars cannot be determined, the probabilities of distant ties are extremely high and require analysis. The 20- year Katun l/s cycle was multiplied by itself, or squared, to attain the 400-year Baktun l/s cycle. The Baktun is the most significant number in Mayan chronology. The Sun Kingdoms' Calendars were predated by earlier lunar/solar calendars of the Middle East. Lunar/solar versions of the calendar system branched to the New World over 4,000 years ago. Absent from the social hostilities and cultural upheavals of the ancient Middle East, the Sun Calendars were left to develop empirically on their own. The Sun Kingdoms' Calendars may be used to trace well into the past. The Mayan Calendar date of 3,113 B.C. comes from the Dresden Codex, which was compiled by translating stone carvings. A hybrid interpretation of Biblical records provides correlation to time cycles of the Sun Kingdoms' Calendars. Progression of the genealogies of Adam coincides with a shift in ages of the pre-flood forefathers, or levels of the Antediluvian Patriarchs, and the placement of calendar philosophies. Definite agreements are shown as we advance through the mechanics of the generations of Adam.

Equations

23. 360 day –Tun-Year

x 20 Tuns

= 7,200 day-Katun

24. 7,200 day-Katun

x 20 Katuns

= 144,000 day-Baktun

25. Great Cycle = 13 Baktuns x 400-Tun-Years x 360 Days

= 13 Baktuns x 144,000 days

= 1,872,000 Days

= 5200 Tun-Years

26. 800-Year Generation Cycle = 2 Baktuns

= 2 X 400-Tun-Years of 360-Days

= 800-Tun-Years

Are you a pastor, educator or a student of the Holy Bible? Timeemits.com seeks anointed people to review and contribute to the Ages of Adam ministry. Ancient lunar/solar calendars like the Jewish and Mayan calendars provide the background to understanding early time. Ancient calendars of the Holy Bible use differences between the moon and sun, numerical matching and a 364-day calendar year to describe X-number of days that match with X-number of years. Ages of Adam is a free read at http://www.timeemits.com.

Clark Nelson is webmaster for www.timeemits.com and author of Ages of Adam and sequel, Holy of Holies. Contact article@timeemits.com for more information. © Copyright 2006 Clark Nelson and timeemits.com All Rights Reserved.